Clinical and pathological correlation in benign breast diseases in women

Background: Benign breast diseases are a common problem presenting in a day to day surgical practice. A combination of three tests i.e. clinical examination, radiological imaging and pathological examination is commonly used to accurately diagnose breast diseases. This study was aimed to know the clinico-pathological correlation in diagnosing benign breast diseases in women.Methods: A study of 30 female patients of benign breast disease was conducted by clinical examination and comparing its accuracy with the pathological findings.Results: The highest incidence of benign breast diseases was in the age group of 30-39 years (33.3%). The most common presenting symptom was lump (53.3%) in the breast. The most common quadrant involved was the upper outer quadrant (60%). Fibroadenoma (53.3%) was the most common lesion in this study. The clinical examination in cases of fibroadenoma had sensitivity and specificity of 87.5 % and 92.8% respectively. In cases of fibrocystic disease, clinical examination had sensitivity and specificity of 85.7 % and 91.3% respectively.Conclusions: Overall clinical breast examination had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 98% in this study. Hence, combination of all three diagnostic modalities i.e. clinical, radiological and pathological examination should be used. But in rural areas where radiological and pathological facilities are not available, clinical examination can also give us a fair amount of idea in diagnosing benign breast diseases

Role of blood and blood components transfusion in obstetric emergencies

Background: Common obstetric emergencies require blood and blood components transfusion. The use of blood and its components has become a lifesaving strategy in management of obstetric haemorrhage. This study was aimed to know the prevalence, indications and adverse reactions of blood and its components transfusion.Methods: A review of 405 patients of obstetric emergencies requiring blood and its component transfusion was done.Results: Prevalence of blood and blood components transfusion in obstetric emergencies in one-year period was 18.4%. Mostly women who received blood transfusions were multiparous (50.12%) and belonged to rural areas (62%). Anemia is a risk factor for obstetric emergencies and the mean pre transfusion hemoglobin ±SD was 8.04±1.38 (g/dl). Obstetric hemorrhage (68.6%) was the most common indication for transfusion and packed red cells were most commonly (54.07%) transfused. The overall percentage of adverse reactions seen during transfusion was 1.95%.Conclusions: The present study reinforces the importance of appropriate use of blood and its components in obstetric emergencies. Appropriate use of blood components avoids many of the hazards associated with use of whole blood. All blood components should be made available at peripheral hospitals as most of the patients require specific blood component and they are referred to tertiary care centre in emergencies which can be avoided

Analysis of navigation performance for the Earth Observing System (EOS) using the TDRSS Onboard Navigation System (TONS)

Use of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) Onboard Navigation System (TONS) was proposed as an alternative to the Global Positioning System (GPS) for supporting the Earth Observing System (EOS) mission. The results are presented of EOS navigation performance evaluation with respect to TONS based orbit, time, and frequency determination (OD/TD/FD). Two TONS modes are considered: one uses scheduled TDRSS forward link service to derive one way Doppler tracking data for OD/FD support (TONS-I); the other uses an unscheduled navigation beacon service (proposed for Advanced TDRSS) to obtain pseudorange and Doppler data for OD/TD/FD support (TONS-II). Key objectives of the analysis were to evaluate nominal performance and potential sensitivities, such as suboptimal tracking geometry, tracking contact scheduling, and modeling parameter selection. OD/TD/FD performance predictions are presented based on covariance and simulation analyses. EOS navigation scenarios and the contributions of principal error sources impacting performance are also described. The results indicate that a TONS mode can be configured to meet current and proposed EOS position accuracy requirements of 100 and 50 m, respectively

Optimism in Active Learning with Gaussian Processes

International audienceIn the context of Active Learning for classification, the classification error depends on the joint distribution of samples and their labels which is initially unknown. The minimization of this error requires estimating this distribution. Online estimation of this distribution involves a trade-off between exploration and exploitation. This is a common problem in machine learning for which multi-armed bandit theory, building upon Optimism in the Face of Uncertainty, has been proven very efficient these last years. We introduce two novel algorithms that use Optimism in the Face of Uncertainty along with Gaussian Processes for the Active Learning problem. The evaluation lead on real world datasets shows that these new algorithms compare positively to state-of-the-art methods

2-(2-Bromo­phen­yl)acetic acid

In the title mol­ecule, C8H7BrO2, the carboxyl group is twisted by 76.2 (3)° from the benzene ring plane. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into inversion dimers through pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The dimers are further linked into layers parallel to the bc plane by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

C-band superconductor/semiconductor hybrid field-effect transistor amplifier on a LaAlO3 substrate

A single-stage C-band superconductor/semiconductor hybrid field-effect transistor amplifier was designed, fabricated, and tested at 77 K. The large area (1 inch x 0.5 inches) high temperature superconducting Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O (TBCCO) thin film was rf magnetron sputtered onto a LaAlO3 substrate. The film had a transition temperature of about 92 K after it was patterned and etched. The amplifier showed a gain of 6 dB and a 3 dB bandwidth of 100 MHz centered at 7.9 GHz. An identical gold amplifier circuit was tested at 77 K, and these results are compared with those from the hybrid amplifier